Guidelines for Writing a Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Rules for Writing a Lab Report Essay Composing a decent lab report is a significant objective of your science training, and offers you the chance to upgrade your composing abilities and to impart your comprehension of the logical procedure to other people. Your lab report for this semester will be a review of your free research venture. This will adhere to the standard arrangement for a lab report and ought to incorporate the accompanying areas: Title Presentation Materials and Methods Results Conversation End References For this course we are giving additional accentuation to the materials and strategies area. This segment ought to incorporate adequate detail to permit others to recreate your examinations, without being excessively distinct. A manual for composing each area is as per the following: TITLE Name the examination. The title ought to be unmistakable of what you did or what your information appeared. A peruser ought to have the option to acquire some comprehension of the substance of your report from the title. In the exploration world, researchers filter the list of chapters of diaries to decide whether there are any papers pertinent to their examination that they should peruse. Consequently the title is significant for getting your work perceived. Presentation Clarify why you pick this task, and what you would have liked to gain from it. You will be required to inquire about the foundation data for your venture, and present the ebb and flow condition of information for the subject of your examination. Furthermore, you should clarify your reason for picking this undertaking, obviously express the goal or theory, and anticipate the result of the investigations if the speculation remains constant. Model: if an autonomous research venture explored the impact of hand sanitizers on the development of E. coli, at that point the presentation ought to incorporate foundation data close by sanitizers (what they are, the manner by which they are utilized, the fixings that eliminate microscopic organisms), and foundation data on E. coli (what it is, the reason it is an issue). It would likewise incorporate the test speculation, for example â€Å"Hand sanitizers will be progressively successful at murdering E. coli than soap.† MATERIALS AND METHODS Depict how you led your examinations in adequate detail that another person could rehash them, WITHOUT abundance detail. Most importantly, this segment isn't just a rundown of materials and a bit by bit bookkeeping of what you did. You ought to compose your materials and strategies in graphic structure, utilizing past tense (portray what you did). Try not to remember thinking for your strategies †this has a place in the conversation area. You ought to portray what you did in enough detail that somebody could rehash the analysis on the off chance that the individual in question needed to, yet don't utilize inordinate subtleties. As you are doing your examination, be certain you monitor what you really did in your lab scratch pad, particularly any subtleties which change from the directions in the lab manual. What you do could have significant ramifications for the outcomes you get, and your understanding of those outcomes. The Materials and Methods in your lab report ought to be what you really did, and not exactly what the lab manual advised you to do. Focuses to recall: * Organize this segment cautiously and coherently, put in the strategies in the request in which you ran them. * Use subheadings that break the content into particular areas (whenever justified). Try not to utilize subheadings, for example, â€Å"Lab 4.† Use an expressive subheading, for example, â€Å"Agarose Gel Electrophoresis† and utilize intense content to recognize subheadings. * Provide enough data to permit others to rehash a similar trial * Use explicit, enlightening language (measure at whatever point conceivable) * Omit pointless data. You don't have to incorporate each conceivable detail of the time you spent in the lab. Incorporate just those strategies legitimately relating to the outcomes you intend to introduce in the paper. * Include total numerical equations if proper. * Do not make the normal blunder of blending a portion of the Results in this area RESULTS Present your information so that somebody could go straightforwardly to the outcomes area and comprehend the aftereffects of your analyses. The outcomes area will have a book parcel and a bit that contains figures, tables, photos, diagrams, and so forth., contingent upon what sort of information you have. In the content of your outcomes segment, depict the patterns and significant purposes of your information. Point out what it is that you need your peruser to leave away with. Be certain you allude to the significant figures and additionally tables when you are composing your content. Allude to them as though you were refering to them. For instance: The immaculateness of the catalyst improved with each progression of the purging plan (Table 1). For the information divide (i.e., figures and tables), there are numerous approaches to introduce your outcomes, and you should contemplate which is the most ideal way. Is it a line diagram, a reference chart or histogram, a pie outline, a table, an image or graph, or is it a mix of these? Whatever you pick, be certain it obviously shows your outcomes. You need your peruser to have the option to take a gander at your tables, diagrams, figures, and so forth and know precisely what test was accomplished for every one. You likewise need the peruser to have the option to comprehend what the outcomes really are. The entirety of your information that identifies with the report ought to be introduced (even negative information). Focuses to recall: * Organize your information cautiously and intelligently. On the off chance that conceivable, present outcomes in a similar request as the techniques. * Use subheadings that break the information into unmistakable areas (whenever justified) * Summarize the information and accentuate significant examples or patterns * Do not decipher your information; don't reach inferences; don't speculate.in the outcomes segment (spare these issues for the Discussion) * Graphs, drawings, and photographs are viewed as figures. Each figure and table must have a title and be numbered consecutively as they are presented in the content. (figure 1, figure2, table 1, table2) * Specify units on the tomahawks of charts and mark all sections and lines of tables. * Computer programs, for example, Excel, can assist you with drawing charts and graphs. On the off chance that the charts are hand drawn they should be flawless and exact. * Examples of a portion of the manners in which that you can introduce your information are represented toward the finish of this freebee. Conversation Relate your outcomes back to the presentation. Did you add to the present condition of information? What did you gain from your analyses? Were there any wellsprings of blunder? What future tests may you lead? Was your theory upheld by your information? This segment is for an understanding of your outcomes, for example what do your outcomes mean? For what reason did you believe that you got these outcomes? What can be gained from this test.? Associate your outcomes to the ideas driving the analyses and your hypothesesAre there any inquiries the test configuration leaves unanswered (identified with your theory or not)? How might you improve this test later on? What different tests would you do now to expand or affirm your outcomes (what is the subsequent stage)? You ought to likewise demonstrate if there are any inborn blemishes or wellsprings of blunder in the trial structure. Try not to utilize â€Å"human error† as a clarification. Just examine exploratory blunders that you think really happened during your examination. You ought to likewise abstain from saying that taking more examples or accomplishing more reiterations of the test would improve the information. That is quite often valid for any investigation, and abandons saying. Focuses to recall: * Interpret your outcomes; cause to notice your significant discoveries. * Support your decisions with proof; persuade the peruser that your understandings are sound and that your work speaks to a legitimate commitment to the field. * Recognize the significance of negative outcomes. * Address both the focal points and constraints of your techniques; What causes might be answerable for your discoveries? Propose clarifications in the event that you have clashing or sudden outcomes. * Go from explicit to general; Start with a conversation of your particular outcomes and end with increasingly expansive ends or forecasts; Can you make speculations? What might the following inquiries be? * Be mindful of stating utilized in logical talk, for example action words like recommend, demonstrate, appear, illustrate; modifiers like perhaps, most likely, apparently, likely; assistant action words like may, might, would, could, and so on (qualifiers) Ends Sum up the importance of your outcomes in a few sentences. REFERENCES Rundown the entirety of the data sources utilized for your presentation. Any references that you use ought to be refered to in the content and recorded in sequential order request in a reference area toward the finish of your report. Utilize the APA reference style: For references in the content: (Author, year) pursues the material from a specific source. For references area: Last name, First name. Year. Title of article. Diary. Volume. Page Numbers.

The first division is Selection Bias Essay Example for Free

The primary division is Selection Bias Essay Predisposition is in fact the deviation of the likely estimation of a possibility variable from the resultant right or transferred esteem (US NRC, 2007). It is the separation including the exploratory normal of estimations held at rehashed case and a reference worth, or alluded to as precision. Inclination is determined and verbalized at a single situation inside the working exhibit of the estimation framework (Measurement Media, 2008) and is obvious in the social event of Retrospective records. Review information are obtained through meetings and surveys. On the other hand, planned information are achieved using existing records taken from past investigations (ABC, 2008). There are three primary divisions of inclination. The main division is Selection Bias. Fundamentally, choice predisposition happens when the themes contemplated don't give legitimate body or portrayal of the objective populace about which final products are to be taken from (Coggon, Rose, Barker, 1997). In determination inclination, when the association of presentation and liquor addiction is unique for the individuals who finish an investigation assessed with the individuals who coordinate the attributes of the objective populace, everyone is chosen; they are for which the proportion of impact is being thought of (Ibrahim, Alexander, Shy Farr, 1999). For a situation study including heavy drinkers, choice predisposition is described where the individuals who volunteer to answer polls may have not at all like character than the proposed individual in the objective populace. In the fundamental, people who don't respond to solicitations to be assessed have unexpected attributes in comparison to responders. Predisposition will be built up if the relationship among introduction and liquor addiction varies between the outcomes for the investigation volunteers and non-responders. The second division of predisposition is the Information Bias. This significant kind of inclination happens from blunders in estimating presentation or liquor addiction. In an examination to figure roughly the general danger of liquor admission and street mishaps, related with presentation to wines, lagers and spirits, drunkards were requested for data about their contact and introduction with such substances before driving, and their reactions were contrasted and those from control heavy drinkers. With this devise, there is a danger that case, or variable, moms, who are very spurred to discover what they drank the most in the scope of the drinking meeting, may remember recollections of past contact more totally than the heavy drinkers from the benchmark group. On the off chance that that would be the situation, a predisposition would item with a penchant to exaggerate hazard gauges (Coggon, Rose, Barker, 1997). Review Bias is remembered for this kind of inclination. Review predisposition happens when a respondent is approached to identify with a specific point, and they either misrepresent what data or preclude data they think isn’t suitable for consideration. Information could be conflicting or defective when epidemiological examination results are reasoned by means of review information gathering (ABC, 2008). On account of the heavy drinkers, review predisposition may end up being a danger. On the off chance that a mishap occurs, and over the top liquor utilization is taken as the guilty party, the respondent may give out data for him rendering a holier than thou interpretation of what truly occurred previously. Some probably won't state that they had been drinking before driving, while others may state that they had liquor admission more than what was required. What I find in this is these individuals are attempting to ensure their nobility as an individual, and their disclosures may be set facing their wills. Seeing as this is a danger, there may be a danger of imbalanced data and results assembled for this specific epidemiological examination. In the arranging of contextual investigations, the evaluators must make sure that they incorporate the review inclination of their respondents toward a specific theme, particularly on the off chance that they are utilizing an essential sort of information gathering; utilizing polls, studies and meetings. References 74. 4 Definitions. (2007). On the web, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Recovered on July 10, 2008 from http://www. nrc. gov/perusing rm/doc-assortments/cfr/part074/part074-0004. html Bias. (2008). On the web, Measurement Databases for Industry and Science. Recovered on July 10, 2008 from http://measurementdb. com/file. php? name=Sectionsreq=viewarticleartid=17page=1 Coggon, D. , Rose, G. Barker, DJP (1997). The study of disease transmission for the Uninitiated. On the web, BMJ Publishing. Recovered on July 10, 2008 from http://www. bmj. com/epidem/epid. 4. html Hassan, E. (2006). Review inclination can be a danger to review and imminent research plans. Web Journal of Epidemiology, 2(3), 4-4. Ibrahim, M. Alexander, L. Bashful, C. Farr, S. (1999). Determination Bias. PDF File, ERIC Notebook. Recovered on July 10, 2008 from http://www. durham. hsrd. investigate. va. gov/eric/scratch pad/ERICIssue08. pdf What is Recall Bias? (2008). On the web, Abortion Breast Cancer (ABC). Recovered on July 10, 2008 from http://www. abortionbreastcancer. com/inclination/list. htm

The Facts on Alcohol Use Disorder

The Facts on Alcohol Use Disorder Addiction Alcohol Use Print The Facts on Alcohol Use Disorder By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on December 01, 2019 Phil Ashley/ Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Alcohol abuse is the overuse or misuse of alcohol. It is defined separately from alcoholism. While they may exist together, alcohol abuse does not necessarily include some of the hallmark characteristics of alcoholism, which include an extremely strong craving for alcohol, tolerance, loss of control, or physical dependence. Defining Alcohol Abuse It is common for people to deny that they have an alcohol abuse problem. Furthermore, you may not recognize the signs of alcohol abuse in yourself or in someone else. DSM-5 Definition of Alcohol Use Disorder The 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is produced by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) was most recently updated in May 2013. In this manual, which serves as the reference for the psychiatric and medical community, a new condition called alcohol use disorder was formally defined for the first time. Alcohol use disorder replaced the designations that had previously been separately defined as alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Alcoholism remains a separate disorder, with its own criteria. The DSM-5 provides a list of 11 symptoms of alcohol use disorder. Alcohol use disorder is sub-classified into mild, moderate, and severe categories. Alcohol use disorder is considered mild if you exhibit two or three of the 11 symptoms, moderate if you display four or five symptoms, and severe if you display six or more of the symptoms on the list. Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder 1. You drink more alcohol than intended to or continuing to drink for a longer period of time than you had intended. 2. You decide or trying to  cut down or control your alcohol use without success. You may return to drinking after a period of  abstinence. 3. A significant amount of your time is spent in obtaining alcohol, drinking alcohol, or recovering from the effects of drinking, resulting in too much of your time devoted to alcohol. 4. You have a craving for alcohol, which you might also describe as a strong desire or urge to use alcohol. 5. Your recurrent alcohol use results in a failure to fulfill some of your major obligations to your family, at home, at your job, or at school. 6. You have problems with family, friends, or co-workers as a result of your alcohol use and you continue to use alcohol use despite these persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems. 7. You have reduced or given up some of your social, work, or recreational activities because of your alcohol use. This is often described as drink-seeking behavior and includes decisions such as only going to social events that will include drinking, or only hanging out with others who drink. You may do this to avoid stigma, escape judgment from others, save your money for alcohol, or because you prefer to spend your time drinking over participating in other activities. 8. You repeatedly use alcohol in situations that are dangerous, such as swimming, driving, or using specialized equipment. Using alcohol in situations that leave you vulnerable to attack by others also fits this criterion. 9. You continue to use alcohol despite negative emotional effects, such as depression, anxiety, or memory lapses that you believe to be caused, exacerbated, or related to your alcohol use. 10. You have developed or are developing alcohol tolerance, which means having to drink increasing amounts to achieve previous effects. Tolerance is defined by either of the following: a) A need for increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect, or b) diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol. Some people consider tolerance as a sign of maturity or being able to hold their alcohol. However, this is an erroneous conclusion, as tolerance is not a sign of healthy physical function. 11. If you experience either of the following, then you have problems with alcohol withdrawal: a) You have withdrawal syndrome, which includes physical symptoms, such as shaking, jitteriness, irritability, sweating, or perceptive disturbances (like hallucinations) after going a short period without drinking, or b) You may drink alcohol or use a substance such as a benzodiazepine to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms  or to cure a hangover. Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcoholism Many effects of alcohol use disorder are also experienced by people who suffer from alcoholism, and there is a great deal of overlap between the conditions. It would not be accurate to say that one disorder is better or worse than the other, or that it is easier to recover from one or the other. What an Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnosis Means

The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay

Oxforddictionary.com defines Christianity as â€Å"The religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus Christ, or its beliefs and practices. Jesus is the Son of God who rose from the dead after being crucified; a Christian hopes to attain eternal life after death through faith in Jesus Christ and tries to live by his teachings as recorded in the New Testament† which can be found in any version of the King James Bible. In the following are examples of true (good) and false (bad) Christianity in Fredrick Douglass version of Christianity verses Harriet Beecher Stowe’s version of Christianity. While one cannot exist without the other, Fredrick Douglass contrasts true Christians which are the charitable, peaceful tenets of Christianity from the false Christians meaning the slaveholders radical malicious and violent actions towards slaves. In Douglas’, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglas gives an example of false (bad) Christians with the A ulds. Mrs. Auld taught Douglass his A, B, C, and was prepared to teach him how to read. She was interrupted by her husband. â€Å"Just at this point of my progress, Mr. Auld found out what was going on, and at once forbade Mrs. Auld to instruct me further, telling her, among other things, that it was unlawful, as well as unsafe, to teach a slave to read. To use his own words, further, he said, â€Å"If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master-to do as he is told toShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

Is Learning About The Second World War Important

Is learning about The Second World War important? The Second World War began in 1940, and ended in 1945. The main reason why the war started was that a man called Adolf Hitler were against all the Jews. He meant that the Jews had good educations, and got all the important and big jobs in the society. It is important that we learn about this happening, in that way we can try to not make it happened again. In this essay, I am going to write more about why we should learn about the Second World War, what the final solution did to the Jews and why we should try to not make it happened again and I’m going to tell about how we can use Anne Frank’s diary to get a view in to the war. It is important that we learn about the Second World War.†¦show more content†¦When we learn about the Second World War, we learn about all the consequences the war gave us. In that way, I hope we have a reason to not make any World War 3. That one man could have so much hate to a kind of people is not okay. If someone thought like this today, I think that we will have enough laws and police to stop them/him, her. â€Å"Who says I am not under the special protection of God?† –Adolf Hitler. (Goodreads) this s a quote Hitler said. If you read it and think, what it could mean. I would probably think that he taught himself that he was sent from God to help the society, and that God always should him. However, all he actually did was destroying the society. But The Second World War did also help us to develop medicines. The final solution was a solution directed to the Jews under the Second World War. SS-general Reinhard Heydrich got an order from Hitler in the ending of 1941 to make the solution. January 20. 1920, he had a plan for the final solution, he had worked together with Adolf Eicmann. They shared their example of the final solution at a conference in Berlin called Wannsee-conference, after 1 hour and 20 minutes, they got a plan for the final solution, or â€Å"die endlà ¸sung† in German. The final solution said that all the Jews should be exterminated. With this solution they decides that they should start the worlds biggest genocide. As a follower from this solution they

Evolution of Managed Care Free Essays

Evolution of Managed Care Name University of Phoenix Evolution of Managed Care Managed Care refers to a program that evaluates, coordinates and makes possible the care of individuals without the full financial risks involved. The goal of managed care was to meet the needs of select group of individuals and families by arranging their health care needs. One example would be employees or individuals paid a set fee to physicians for their services. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Managed Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now These fees were set even before any services were rendered so the individual knew what the cost was going to be.Often times an organization would contract care for a certain physician controlling the cost of what the fee would be for their services. The evolution of managed care can be traced back to the early 19th century. Over the years there have been many changes to the managed care system to meet the needs and demands of the health services needed. With all the new changes that have taken affect the manage care system has rapidly grown. Through out this paper I will explain where, what and how managed care has changed to meet the needs of individuals.In 1929, Dr. Michael Shadid was considered to be the first managed care pioneer. He started a cooperative health care plan in rural Oklahoma (AMCRA, 1994). With the help from Oklahoma Farmers Union he enrolled several families who paid a predetermined amount and delivered care to these individuals. In 1929 another organization in Los Angeles offered the same service as Dr. Shadid. The Los Angeles Department of water and power contracted two doctors to offer their services to these individuals. Dr. Ross and Dr.Loos provided care for the workers and families of said organization. After 5 years these doctors opened, owned and controlled the first group practice (AMCRA, 1994). Around 1933 a Dr. Sidney Garfield and associates started providing medical care on a prepaid basis for workers on a construction project. Workman’s compensation insurance company paid a percentage of the premium income for these accident cases; workers contributed 5 cents from their wages for medical services. This same program was also used by Henry Kaiser in 1938.At the end of World War two, Kaiser opened his comprehensive health services to the public. Kaiser believed he could make it possible for millions of Americans to have comprehensive health services at a price they could afford (Firshein, J. 2009). In the late 1950’s two other types of managed care programs were introduced. The first program being individual practice association (IPA), this program was contracted with individual physicians or single specialty groups to provide care. These physicians would provide services at their offices that were enrolled in that type of program.These physicians were able to continue to see other patients that were not under the contract but were reimbursed differently. The second program was the network-model HMO and was contracted with one or more large multispecialty groups (Firshein, J. 2009). These network providers are reimbursed by capitation and receive a fixed monthly payment per person. In 1963 the Kaiser organization had reached the 3 million member mark. Two more states became involved with Kaiser’s organization; these states were Colorado and Ohio. Due to the rapid expansion with managed care in 1973 the HMO act was facilitated.This act was facilitated to help the federal government to provide comprehensive coverage and control costs. With that act loans and grants were provided to start and expand the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). This act required company’s who had more than 25 employees to offer HMO plans along with other traditional insurances options. This was known as the dual choice provision. At this time HMO’s had basic requirements they had to provide to individuals. They had to offer a specified list of benefits, have the same monthly premium, and be structured as a non-profit organization.In 1995 the dual choice provision expired due to the rapid increase in HMO’s being so widespread (MCOL, 1995). By 1995 the total numbers of people enrolled in HMO plans were 50. 6 million, in 1999 the memberships reached 81. 3 million and in 2000 a slight decline was noticed to 80. 9 million. With the dual choice provision in 2004 the HMO memberships total was 68. 8 million and PPO membership total was 109 million. These totals are due to the changes that started taking affect with managed care (MCOL, 1995).In the last few years managed care has had three dramatic changes. The first change is with the managed care model. The HMO-model has been growing at a slow pace and the IPA model has grown rapidly. Half of the people who are on managed care have the IPA plan. With the rapid growth of HMO’s two new programs were developed to help the growth expansion. The first plan that was developed is the preferred provider organization (PPO’s). The PPO managed care plan contracts with a network provider for a discounted fee-for-service basis.This plan offers the enrollees financial incentives to use this plan. With this plan out of network services are costly and at times are restricted. The second plan that was developed is the point-of –service plan. This plan allows enrollees to choose either in or out of network providers when care is needed. However, the enrollee has to pay substantial co-pay for out of network services. The second major change that took affect was in the mid-1980. At this time the managed care industry went from being predominantly non-profit to being for-profit.The for-profit entities started out slow with only 18% in 1982 and by 1988 the percentage rose to 67%. The ownership of managed care plans changed during this time from hospital and health care providers to insurance companies and investors. The last major change was state governments used managed care as the solution to the rising Medicaid costs and the uninsured. During 1983 thru 1993 the percentage of Medicaid patients drastically increased form 1 to 15 percent. Many states are working to convert the Medicaid program into managed care programs.By converting to managed care programs this could help relieve some of the rising costs with Medicaid.References: AMCRA Foundation Managed Health Care database (1994). The Basics of Managed Care. Retrieved July 28, 2009. From: http://aspe. hhs. gov/Progsys/Forum/Bascis. htm Firshein, J Sandy, L. The Changing Approach to Managed Care (2009). Retrieved July 29, 2009 from: www. rwjf. org? files/publications/books/2001/Chapter_04. html MCOL. Positioning you for change in healthcare (1995) . Managed Care Fact Sheet. Copyright 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009 from: www. mcol. com How to cite Evolution of Managed Care, Papers

What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot Essay Example

What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot Paper George Eliot was born in 1819, named Mary Ann Evans. She changed her name to George Eliot when she started writing; this was a trend that women novelists followed because they were considered inferior to men so therefore were not taken seriously when they wrote. One of the key things which are relevant to this story is the fact that George Eliot lived in both the town and country. George Eliot witnessed the industrial revolution as it was in full swing at that time. She saw people emigrating from the country to urban areas to find work in factories; this is why she included it in the novel with the presence of Lantern Yard. The Napoleonic wars took place during this period as well. This caused a decrease in the amount of food supplies which were imported into the country. Due to this limit in supplies the prices of home-grown went through the roof. Citizens of a lower class starved because they couldnt afford to buy food but to balance out the bad there was a good; in the long run this gave Britain superiority over the sea. We will write a custom essay sample on What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What do we learn about life in the early 19th century from reading Silas Marner by George Eliot specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Silas Marner is full of twists and turns, from start to finish. It is about people who lived in a changing age and how their lives changed with time. The basic story is about Silas Marner, someone who has done wrong before he is rewarded with a final blessing. The story is quite sad, beginning with Silas in his native Lantern Yard. A key point in, which we must understand and appreciate, is that in those days people were moving from the country into the town. People emigrating meant that everyone was trying to adapt from their village life to the fast-paced town life. People liked living in villages but there was no work for them in the villages so they were left with no option but to move to a place where they could find work; mainly in factories, it was also important that the town had a church as they were regular church-goers. It was like a group of set villages put together and called a town; each with its own area name. Silas belonged to this sort of community along with its strange religious cult. Silas became friends with a man called William Dane, he was of a high standing in Lantern Yard. Silas had a mild epileptic fit but people thought that he was visited by god; this gave Silas a status that he could only dream of. Peoples speculations about Silas guest made him rise to a position of great importance and this is how he got to know William Dane. Silas and William were, in fact, the two most influential figures in Lantern Yard. People sought after their advice and would ask them what they thought was holy. They would also ask Silas to cure ailments with his special knowledge of herbs. After a while things started going wrong for the weaver when an old Deacon, who was ill, died under Silas supervision while he was in a visitation. Silas troubles were far from over, along with his inabilities to look after a sick man, he was accused of stealing the church money after the empty bag was discovered behind Silas loom. On these grounds William Dane convicted Silas of stealing the money and of being in league with the devil. He was found guilty by the drawing of lots; which were doubtlessly fixed by Dane. The whole community turned their backs on Silas, even his fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e Sarah, so the weaver left Lantern Yard for Raveloe. He rented a cottage and began weaving; desperate to escape the pain in his life, he also grew to love money. He wanted to earn as much money as humanly possible so he worked all day and most of the night in his desperate bid to be rich. Just as things looked to be going right for the lonely weaver, his life flipped 180. One night while he was out collecting supplies Dunstan Cass came to his house and stole all his money. This would be enough to push anyone over the edge but for Silas, it was a lot more than that. For him his life was worthless and pointless, more to the point; over. He, again, tried to get back on his feet by working but he was still a nervous wreck on the verge of a mental breakdown. After a thorough search of the village the blame was nailed on a peddler who had passed through the village. Knowing who it was did not make it any easier for Silas. His heart was in broken and once again he was left to pick up the pieces of his ruined life. Silas fell into a trance when he went out to look for his money in the New Year. While Silas was unconscious a destitute baby crawled into his home and fell asleep on the fire place. Silas recovered and discovered the baby; he picked it up and took it to the home of Squire Cass, who was, sort of, the Lord of Raveloe. The Cass family were the highest ranking family in Raveloe. Squire Cass was a widower who had four sons and a house to take care of after his wife passed on. This was very rare for men; the household fell into a horrid state along with the moral state of his four sons. The Squires eldest son, Godfrey, married a pauper, Molly Farren, by being tricked by Dunstan, his younger brother; all this took place in secret. Dunstan was very conniving; he tricked his brother so he could blackmail him. Things go from bad to worse for Godfrey when his wife becomes addicted to Opium, he realised his mistake and regrets not waiting to marry Nancy Lammeter, the girl he loved and wanted to marry. Within a few years Godfrey disowned Molly and started to court Nancy. Godfrey paid Dunstan to keep quiet; the money came from the tenants which belonged to their father. Godfrey was in debt, a debt who could not afford to pay back. This resulted in him selling his horse, Wildfire, in order to pay it back. Dunstan agrees a deal with a man named Bryce but tells him hell deliver Wildfire to him later. On his way home he rides the Wildfire straight into a hedge where the horse falls and dies. Dunstan considers hiring a horse but instead takes the much easier alternative; he goes to Silas cottage and steals his money and slowly disappears into the night. Due to Dunstans mystery disappearance Godfrey was left with no option but to tell his father all about the money he lent to his younger brother. Godfrey paid back the money and continued courting Nancy. His conscious was blackened by Molly and their illegitimate child. On New Years Eve they attended a party at which Godfrey courted Nancy and life just seemed to go on. Silas appeared out of the blue with some very disturbing news. He was holding Godfreys baby and he had come to inform him of Mollys death. Godfrey is relieved to hear of her death so he starts with a clear conscience. Silas offers to look after the child; no one makes any complaints so Silas takes the baby and everyone goes on with their lives as normal. The story resumes 16 years later. Silas bought up the bundle with help from the villagers; she was christened Eppie. Eppie grew very much attached to Aaron, Dolly Winthrops son. Godfrey had a child from his wife Nancy but it died soon after. Nancy believed that she should have not any children; she even refused to adopt children. Silas was completely reformed, Eppie gave Silas a reason to live after all the misery and pain in his life, and she changed him into an active member of the community. Dunstan Cass hadnt returned yet to Raveloe but he was most certainly not missed. Godfrey was having the stone pits drained, which were near Silas house; they found a skeleton and two bags of money belonging to Dunstan. This caused Godfrey to own up about all the things he had done wrong in the past. He told Nancy all about Molly and that Eppie was his child. He also told her that Dunstan had been bribing him along with all his other dark secrets. Nancy was as supportive as could be expected and she told her husband to reclaim Eppie as her own. Silas had taken care of Eppie for most of her life so it was no surprise that she chose to stay with him when it was up to her to make the final decision between living with the Cass or Silas; she chose Silas after a fierce battle between him and Godfrey over who would look after her. Silas had a long talk with Dolly Winthrop who influenced his decision to take Eppie to Lantern Yard. When Silas arrived there he was shocked to find it had disappeared off the face of the heart; instead of Lantern Yard there was a huge factory standing there. The story ended with Eppie marrying Aaron. The Cass were not present but only two people knew the real reason behind their absence. Eliot was a fantastic writer; this story was structured in a fantastic way. Initially there are two stories; one of Silas Marner and the other of the Cass family. The main characters in Silas Marner are obviously Silas himself, Godfrey, Eppie, Dolly Winthrop, Nancy, Dunstan, Squire Cass and Aaron Winthrop. Silas is a strange man, he was an outsider from the moment he moved into Raveloe, but he was changed by Eppie; she forced him to socialise with people and to go to church. Godfrey was very unlucky, he was Dunstans brother, his young-adulthood was full of disasters; starting with the marriage to Molly Farren. His luck did change however, after the disappearance of his brother and the death of Molly, Godfrey was able to sort himself out and marry Nancy; his life was shaping the way he wanted it to. Eppie was the illegitimate child of Godfrey and Molly. After the demise of her mother she was adopted by Silas. Silas bought Eppie up, through the tussle with the Cass until she married Aaron. Dolly Winthrop was the typical early 19th century country woman. She regularly gave advice to those who needed it, especially Silas and Eppie. She was a charitable woman, she didnt, however, go to church every Sunday. Nancy, the daughter of Mr Lammeter was a very strong willed person with firm morals. She brought order to the Red House after her marriage to Godfrey. She tried to be a good wife to Godfrey and give him a baby and she did but it died soon after birth. She believed this was a sign that she should have no more children. She was very badly hurt when Godfrey told her about his previous marriage but she, once again, proved to be a great wife by supporting him and convincing him to fight for the custody of his only child. Dunstan was the real villain of the whole story. He lived a life of pleasure; being able to drink and party freely. He pushed his older brother Godfrey into marrying Molly Farren, so he could blackmail him for money; this shows he was truly ruthless if he was willing to do this to his own brother, his own flesh and blood. After, to an extent, killing his brothers horse, Wildfire, who Godfrey loved dearly, he stole Silas money before meeting his destiny; the same as the horse; death, he drowned in the Stone Pits. Squire Cass was the lord of Raveloe. He was coarse but generous with his sons. He was a widower and made his money by renting out land. He did not live long after his sons marriage to Nancy. Aaron Winthrop was the 5th son of Dolly Winthrop. He was the gardener at the Cass residence, also known as the Red House. He was very keen on Eppie and was luckily enough to marry her at the end of the story. There are many things in this story which tell us about life in the early 19th century. One of the first things we learn is that rural villagers were very suspicious of any outsiders, particularly of outsiders with any special abilities. This is shown on numerous occasions. For example: The shepherds dog barked fiercely when one of these alien- looking men appeared on the upland. Chapter 1, Page 13, Lines 12-14 This is shown once again not long after Silas money was stolen, when the villagers blamed the peddler because of his strange looks and because of the fact that he was an easy scapegoat. At this time Britain was the most economically developed country in the world, becoming more and more industrialised as time went on. People moved out of the country into the town in search of jobs. Everyone tried to recreate the feeling of unity where everyone knew everyone else. This resulted in groups of religious sects to spring up in one particular area, say where the church was. This is shown in the next quote where Eliot writes, Marner was highly thought of in that little hidden world. Chapter 1, Page 19, Lines 16-17 These mini cults were often devoted, their members lives revolved around going to church; they were all very protective and zealous in their worship, however, it also showed how quickly Britain was evolving. When Silas returned to Lantern Yard, 31 years after his exile, to find the community was no longer there; it had been replaced by a factory. Strangers were no longer frowned at, there was a strange atmosphere of not much care, people no longer gossiped about one another. This change is highlighted by Silas when he says, Its gone child, he said, at last, in strong agitation Lantern Yards gone. It must ha been here, because theres the house with the oerhanging window I know that its just the same; but theyve made this new opening; and see that big factory! Its all gone chapel and all.' Chapter 21, Page 232, Lines 1-4 Another thing that we learn from Silas Marner is that in the early 19th century rich people were very spoilt and did not have to work if they didnt want to. Dunstan is a great example of this. This is shown in the story when Eliot wrote, As you please; but Ill have a draught of ale first.' Dunstan Cass, Chapter 3, Page 42, Line 30 This highlights how spoilt the rich folk were. Rich people also had an authority over the working class; they were allowed to adopt any child they saw fit, as long as they were already being fostered already. They thought that poor people were incapable of expressing emotions and that the loss of their child would not affect them much. There was no law preventing them from doing this and the whole of chapter 19 shows this, in the way that Godfrey talks to Silas. The story shows us how strict the class system really was. This system governed 19th century Britain. Marrying in secret was something which was frowned upon and marrying out of your class was considered the same as a great sin. This was the whole fasard between Molly and Godfrey. Another thing included in this story is the way they tell of how crime fighting was conducted. There was no permanent police force; the village would elect the most important person to conduct the investigations. This was shown in chapters 7 8, after Silas money went missing. This highlights another point regarding village life; the church and pub were the nerve centres of the village. This is shown in the story after Silas money is stolen. When he realises of his loss he heads straight for the pub to drown his sorrows with a little help from alcohol. (Chapter 6, Page 77) In the 19th century it was the Parishs duty to look after the poor in the area. They had to bury them if they died and send their families to work houses. This is shown around the whole Molly Farren incident. The parish was delighted when Silas offered to look after Eppie; it allowed them to get rid of her as quickly as they possibly could and this lessened the burden upon them. If today, however, a middle-aged man offered parenthood to a little baby it would not be anywhere near as easy for him to take it, a long process would take place before a final decision was made. The story also shows us that people were the same then as they are now in the sense that they gave advice about children to people who were in need of it. This is shown in the story when Dolly Winthrop speaks to Silas. Eh, Master Marner, said Dolly, theres no call to buy, no more nor a pair o shoes.' Dolly Winthrop, Chapter 14, Page 162, Lines 10-11 In conclusion I have learnt that life was very unpredictable in the early 19th century. People always had to live life with strict rules but they always helped each other out; people were friendly to those they knew. We also see that people want a sense of community even in towns and life was based around a hierarchy. I think that Eliot thought of the town as horrible and liked the idea of living in the country; shown in chapter 2 when she describes the awful smell and conditions. This is because she has lived in both town and country herself, and she says that she preferred the country. It is not surprising that the novel informs about the time it was set because writers always wrote about the time they lived in and what they saw and then commented on it in their writing. I enjoyed reading Silas Marner and there are two reasons behind this. Firstly because it was very well written and taught me a lot about the time it was set in and secondly because it has a story behind it; Mary Ann Evans changing her name to George Eliot in order to get the respect she deserved as a novelist. This was interesting to me because in my opinion things are better if there is a good story behind them and I feel although the change in name is a very small story it has a very huge meaning, it proves that women were thought of as inferior when in actual fact just as good as the men or maybe even better. I would recommend this novel to anyone who would like to learn about early 19th century life or anyone who is after a good read because this novel is most definitely a very enjoyable read.